On such problematic locations soil ridges raised up to 0. This aids the better establishment and subsequent growth of seedlings on waterlogged soils as it enables them to withstand anaerobic conditions produced by prolonged water logging or ponding. Since ridges are made from the field soil, they have the same salinity.
Salt tolerant species are therefore, recommended. Eucalyptus, Pongamia, Casuarina, Terminalia, etc can grow while poplars and bamboos could not survive Table 1. To avoid excess of salts accumulation due to surface evaporation, ridges can be covered with sand to discourage capillary fringe. Block plantations: A block of suitable trees is planted in a waterlogged area, which causes a cone of water table depression underneath the plantation.
However, the extent of lowering of the groundwater table around the surrounding recharge area has been shown to vary from a radius of 40 m 15 to m The vast differences may be attributed to the size and other characteristics of the discharge plantation block, hydraulic conductivity of the soil and cropping pattern, recharge of the surroundings.
In the planning of Australian biodrainage systems the plantation discharge areas are confined to saline or degraded areas so that less arable land is lost Strip plantations Block plantations work well, but are not feasible where land holdings are small and fragmented where land cannot be spared for biodrainage. Here strip plantations on field boundaries are the only alternative. In many Indian states, including Haryana, the standard unit of land with field boundaries on all four sides is an acre 0.
This agroforestry model has been successfully tested on a pilot scale around a village Putthi in the district of Hisar in Haryana. The model is considered as best option from the point of view of: i technological adoption by the farming community, ii lowering of the water table to about 1 m over a period of 5 years and iii remuneration to the farmers as timber It is on such locations that the transfer of raised field bund technology for biodrainage is adopted even by marginal farmers without much questioning.
Adoption constraints: The conduits of surface, sub-surface and vertical drainage are essentially civil engineering structures and biodrainage may be a difficult concept for civil engineers to consider. Farmers may also be wary of any negative effects tree plantations may have with their crops. This feeling emerged at a National Level Training Program comprising senior irrigation engineers, agricultural scientists and foresters facilitated by the authors However, once aware of the issues these personnel could see the feasibility and advantages of integrated conventional and biodrainage.
Biodrainage cannot be effective where acute and prolonged flooding, or ponding conditions, prevail. Here only surface drainage can be effective. However, where over the years a rise in the water table is a threat, properly designed biodrainage can replace or complement subsurface and vertical drainage.
In future there may be increasing exploitation of trees for better groundwater hydrology, agroforestry, forestry, urban development and a green and clean environment at large. Creation of livelihood: Widespread adoption of biodrainage is likely to depend upon use of trees with alternative uses, for example, of poplars on alluvial plains of north-western India, have improved the income of farmers Fig.
This is due to the fact that a well developed marketing system is available. Eucalypts can make a similar impact on waterlogged soils as they are well adapted to waterlogged conditions. Productivity and profitability of plantations of Eucalyptus have been revolutionized with the development of genetically improved fast growing and high yielding clonal planting material.
Where World Bank aided forestry development projects existed, many States in India have adopted clonal plantations of Eucalyptus. This has been very helpful to the farmers. It is important to note that there is no self propagation of eucalypts in India. Prosopis juliflora and Prosopis pallida, are excellent biodrainers 21 , which can be used for plantations on waterlogged soils. Many of the problems of Prosopis are a result of using unsuitable strains of P.
Seeds from Peruvian material assumed to be P. Prosopis pods are high in sugars, carbohydrates and protein and can be used to prepare animal cakes. It fruits annually and crops evenly in an adverse climate. Ten kg of green wood will make kg of charcoal using traditional earth kilns, in days.
Above ground biomass from different sites varies from as little as 0. Frequent cutting produces small branches which are ideal for cooking, so that it provides two important and integral components for rural communities in in some parts of India, especially Chambal Valley Fig. Casuarina in coastal belts and bamboos in high rainfall areas, are other very important industrial species that can be used for waterlogged conditions. In order to boost the economy of farmers, there needs to be close collaboration with the companies processing and marketing the timber.
Environmental concerns: Trees are a valuable carbon sink. They play a vital role in nutrient cycling and of restoring soil fertility, arresting soil erosion and creating a micro-climate suitable for micro- flora and micro-fauna. The permanent tree cover protects soil from erosion and regulates the water balance. Further, trees and shrubs are less sensitive to fertility levels than food crops and some species help to stabilize degraded land.
Socio-economic concerns: Apart from the biological and environmental roles, trees also have a significant social, religious and cultural status. Since the Rio Summit in , global environmental concerns have been acknowledged as integral components of sustainable development.
Planting of trees on wastelands or agricultural lands for industrial and environmental health has been initiated particularly in developing countries. Climate change: The rural poor in developing countries, are most at risk of adverse effects of climate change. Fuel wood: A large proportion of the fuel wood for domestic energy in rural areas is harvested from the debris of agriculture and from trees growing outside the forest especially for small landholders.
It is therefore, vital to plant trees which provide quality fuel wood whenever possible. Fodder: Trees play an important role in livestock production since they provide shade, shelter and fodder. Non-wood products: Wild fruits, herbs, gums, resins, etc. There are examples, of whole tree based systems, for example, where home gardens are maintained by the women.
The tools required, matching their strength need to be developed, and some training to this group can enhance the profit of the family. Policies For the effective adoption of biodrainage agroforestry in the farming community particularly in developing countries the following policy points should serve as guide lines:. To detect the places where waterlogging is expected, or has already been revealed and to identify the affected farming community.
Incentives should be provided to farmers growing plantations as trees afford carbon sequestration. References 1. Kumar, R Groundwater status and management strategies in Haryana. In: Groundwater use in North-west India. Agricultural Water Management, 95, Soils expert Philip Wright, director of Wright Resolutions, says that beyond checking drainage and planting a crop now, remedial work should be left until conditions are better.
The first step growers should take this spring to restructure their soils is to check to see if there is any visible areas of ponding or flooding. See also: How to increase beneficial insects in arable crops. Planting some kind of crop in waterlogged soils and pumping out the water through transpiration is the best option for removing water from poorly draining soils. Growers need to compare the likely profit achievable from a spring crop in comparison to the cost of establishing a cheap cover.
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