Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Ltd. Lavonas EJ. First-generation typical antipsychotic medication poisoning. In Traub SJ, ed. Topic Version Skolnick AB, Monas J. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; chap Updated by: Jacob L. Editorial team.
Promethazine overdose. Poisonous Ingredient. Bladder and kidneys: Urinary hesitancy Inability to urinate Heart and blood vessels: Rapid heartbeat Weakness from low blood pressure Nervous system: Drowsiness or even coma lack of responsiveness Agitation , nervousness, confusion, excitation, disorientation, hallucinations Depression Fever Unsteadiness Restlessness, including inability to sit still and involuntary repetitive movements Seizures Tremor unintentional trembling Other: Dry mouth Flushed skin Involuntary tongue movement Large dilated pupils with vision difficulty Muscle stiffness and spasms in face or neck.
Typically, codeine is prescribed to treat mild to moderate pain or to suppress coughing. Codeine usually comes in the form of a small, white tablet but sometimes is included in cough syrup. Usually, when codeine is nasally abused individuals crush up the tablet so that it becomes a powder.
When someone snorts codeine they inhale the substance through their nose. This process may also be referred to as insufflation. Snorting drugs, such as codeine, allows them to bypass the digestive system and be absorbed directly into the bloodstream. Once in the blood, the drug will quickly travel to the brain where its effects will be felt sooner than if it were consumed orally. Often, codeine medications contain other drugs, such as acetaminophen, aspirin, and ibuprofen.
When someone snorts large amounts of codeine, these other pain medications are also present and can put a major strain on the liver. Over time at least three weeks or more , the cells in the liver will begin to die off. Regular codeine insufflation can also increase the chance of developing a sinus infection.
The nose is designed to filter the air that goes through it to help protect the lungs. The somewhat delicate mucous membranes that line the nose were not designed to handle daily filtering of all the foreign contaminants that are in codeine powder. The patch produces continuous levels of nicotine. Drugs engage the same brain circuits as other rewards, such as food, water and sex.
Dopamine acts as a call to attention and action. Stay near it, and pay attention to learn how to make it happen again. A dopamine spike makes the event that caused it seem attractive. When a drug like cocaine reaches the brain rapidly, as when it is smoked or injected rather than snorted, it produces a faster increase in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens.
This can make the drug seem more desirable, and could be part of the reason that addiction is more likely when drug levels in the brain rise rapidly.
The only surefire way to protect yourself from addiction is not to take drugs. The brain has protective mechanisms that regulate drug intake to minimize costs and maximize benefits. For example, alcohol can make you feel brave and allow you to interact with others with greater ease.
This can be a benefit. But at the same time, alcohol activates bitter taste receptors and also makes you feel dizzy. You could override both of these defenses if you really wanted to, but both can also protect you from drinking too much. Two recent events in our human history challenge these protective mechanisms: the availability of purer drugs and the use of direct routes of drug administration, like injection.
Promethazine works by blocking histamine during an allergic reaction. Histamine is an organic compound released during a local immune response.
Promethazine also reduces the number of signals shot off by the brain, which induces vomiting. When in tablet form, it can interact with other medications. Introduction of the Antihistamine to other substances changes its common effects. This change makes the Antihistamine popular among medical professionals during combination therapy.
For example, when mixed with Opioids like Meperidine, Promethazine can help as a pain reliever. If taken with Phenobarbital, a Barbiturate, Promethazine can cause severe drowsiness. Learn More. Though the Antihistamine helps control specific symptoms, it does not treat them. Promethazine also does not speed up recovery. To learn how the drug interacts with other prescriptions, always consult a healthcare professional.
By preventing the release of histamine, it causes sleepiness and deep relaxation. Though dangerous on its own, the Antihistamine can be lethal when combined with other illicit drugs. Looking for a place to start?
Reach out to a treatment provider for free today. Make a Call Promethazine abuse is frequent in patients struggling with coexisting addictions. One-quarter of the patients in the study who were using Methadone were also taking Promethazine. Opioids, Promethazine, and abuse are highly correlated.
0コメント